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What's actually causing global warming?

Almost all of the extra greenhouse gas behind today's warming comes from human activity since the 1800s — mainly the everyday business of making electricity, growing food, manufacturing things, and getting around.

Industrial smokestacks emitting smoke into the skyIndustrial emissions · via Wikimedia Commons
Share of emissions: energy & transport0
Share from agriculture & land use0
Years of rapid acceleration0

Ranked by scale

The big sources, in order of how much they matter

This list is genuinely a ranking — it follows roughly how much each sector contributes to global human-caused greenhouse gas emissions, based on international energy and climate accounting.

  1. Burning fossil fuels for electricity & heat

    Coal, oil and natural gas power plants are the single largest source. Every kilowatt-hour generated this way releases CO2 that took millions of years to lock underground.

  2. Transport

    Petrol and diesel cars, motorcycles, trucks, ships and planes all burn fossil fuel directly. Road transport alone is a major and fast-growing slice of this.

  3. Industry & manufacturing

    Making cement, steel, plastics and chemicals both burns fuel for heat and, in some processes (like cement), releases CO2 as a direct by-product of the chemistry itself.

  4. Agriculture & land use

    Clearing forests removes carbon-storing trees and often releases the carbon stored in soil. Livestock farming adds methane; fertiliser use adds nitrous oxide — both far more potent than CO2 molecule-for-molecule.

  5. Waste

    Organic waste rotting in landfills without oxygen produces methane. It's a smaller slice of the total, but one of the easiest to shrink quickly through better waste management and recycling.

A note on speed, not just scale

It isn't only how much we emit — it's how fast. Natural processes (plants, oceans, rock weathering) absorb CO2 over centuries to millennia. Humans have added a comparable amount in a little over a century, which is why concentrations have climbed roughly 100 times faster than at the end of the last ice age.

424.6
Mauna Loa annual CO2 average, 2024 (ppm)
430.5
Record monthly peak, May 2025 (ppm)
2.6
Average annual ppm increase, 2015–2024